Photo Gallery: St. Joseph-Ogden volleyball team crushes Danville in two
Spartan volleyball team to host scholarship fundraiser at October 5 home match
Join us on October 5th, as our program raises money to continue Coach Duval’s legacy and passion for the success of student-athletes.@SagesAthletics @SJOsports #MakeItCount #DoItForDuval pic.twitter.com/HnuQwWqmXu
— SJO Volleyball (@SJOVolleyball) September 9, 2021
Spartans put first football win in the books
Raising the bar; Spartans roll IVC, 48-7
Learn the ins and outs of sports betting
With top tier reporting, free and paid gaming, Yahoo Sports offers sports lovers unique opportunities to immerse themselves in the fan-powered betting experience.
Learn how you can get in on the sports betting scene with these tips from Minty Bets, Yahoo Sports' lead betting reporter and analyst.
Do your research. Before initiating any bets, be sure you understand basics like how to place bets and how your payout is processed. You should also get familiar with the laws about sports betting in your state. Go into your bets well-informed about the predictions and how the teams are performing.

With totals, or over/unders, you're betting on whether the combined team scores will be over or under a predicted score. Parlays are another type of bet that let you combine multiple bets into one wager to minimize your risk with a maximum payout. The more bets you combine, the bigger the payout; however, if you lose one bet, you lose them all.
Set aside money for betting. Sports betting can become an expensive hobby, and with the unpredictability of the sports world, you can never count on a win. That's why it's important to only place bets with money you can afford to lose. Plan a sports betting amount as part of your regular budget that won't affect your ability to cover your bills or other financial obligations.
Take advantage of easy-to-use tools. For players new to sports betting, there are resources that can help you get up to speed. One example is Yahoo Sportsbook's How-To Guide, which includes information like terminology and how to calculate odds. For example, if you're not sure how your bet might pay out, a tool like the Bet Calculator can help you test different wagers. You can choose the amount you want to bet, select the odds you've been given or test to see the potential payout with the current odds and stake.
Know your limits. It's easy to get caught up in the excitement, so be sure to set a spending limit before you even look at the available bets or odds. Two good rules of thumb are to avoid putting too much into any single game (many experts recommend sticking to 1%-3% of your total budget, 5% being the maximum you should bet) and to limit your bets to sports you know. Betting without any knowledge of the game, the teams or their players' abilities is not a sound strategy.
Get in on the game with more tips at sports.yahoo.com/sportsbook.
A simple but delicious dinner: Veal Tex Mex Stuffed Shells
With veal as your main ingredient like in these Veal Tex Mex Stuffed Shells, you can have a quick and easy to make dinner perfect for hectic weeknights that you and your family will enjoy. Requiring just over half an hour in the kitchen, load jumbo pasta shells with taco-flavored ground veal and melted cream cheese topped with your favorite taco sauce to make even your midweek meals special.
Try this exciting mouthwatering recipe to add to your regular family menu while also providing nutrition; a 3-ounce serving of veal includes 27 grams of protein, which is more than half of the daily value for a 2,000-calorie diet.
Want to give this recipe a little extra kick? Dice a medium size jalapeno pepper and garnish shells after baking.
Discover more quick and easy recipe ideas at Veal.org, funded by Beef Farmers and Ranchers.
Cook time: 15 minutes
Servings: 6
1 pound ground veal
1/2 cup diced onion
1/2 cup diced poblano pepper
1 package (1 1/4 ounces) taco seasoning
1/2 cup water
4 ounces cream cheese
2 cups shredded colby jack cheese, divided
20 jumbo pasta shells
1 1/2 cups salsa
1 cup taco sauce
Preheat oven to 350 F. In large skillet over medium-high heat, cook ground veal, diced onion and diced pepper until meat is no longer pink, 5-7 minutes. Stir in taco seasoning and water. Break cream cheese into chunks and add to skillet; simmer 3-4 minutes, or until cream cheese melts into veal mixture. Remove from heat and add 1/2 cup colby jack cheese; stir to combine. Bring large pot of salted water to boil and add pasta shells. Cook according to package directions and drain. Immediately separate shells on plate to avoid sticking together. Pour salsa into 13-by-9-inch baking dish and spread to cover bottom. Fill each pasta shell with 1-2 tablespoons veal mixture and place in baking dish. Top stuffed shells with taco sauce and sprinkle remaining colby jack cheese on top. Bake 15 minutes, or until cheese is melted and shells are heated through.
Are sports stadiums safe? What you need to know
In the so-called Before Times, sitting shoulder to shoulder inside a stadium with tens of thousands of boisterous spectators — after a few hours of pregame tailgating — was a highlight of many fans' autumn. But with covid-19 cases, hospitalizations and deaths soaring from the delta variant, many fans are wondering if that is a wise idea.
KHN talked to seven health experts to get their takes.
1. Is it safe to go to a packed stadium even if you are vaccinated?
Six out of the seven public health experts that KHN spoke to from big football states were adamant in their response: No way. Not now.
"I am a die-hard sports fan," said Jason Salemi, an associate professor of epidemiology at the University of South Florida in Tampa. "But I would not go to these events right now."
Salemi said that with covid cases at their highest level since late January — with the seven-day average case count rising to just over 149,000 as of Monday — and hospitals filling up around the country, there is too much risk even for people who have been fully vaccinated against covid.
While outdoor events are less likely to lead to infection because the air circulation is greater, sitting within just a few feet of 10 or 20 screaming fans watching football, baseball, soccer or an auto race at a stadium reduces that safety margin, he said.
Vaccines greatly lower your risk of being hospitalized or dying from covid, but the dominance of the more transmissible delta variant is leading to increasing numbers of breakthrough infections, some of which do cause uncomfortable symptoms. Getting infected also increases the likelihood of passing the infection to unvaccinated people, who could become seriously ill.
Even some vaccinated fans — especially those who are older and frail or people with chronic medical conditions — should also realize they face higher risk from an infection. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention does not specifically have guidance about sporting events, but it recommends that anyone attending large gatherings in areas with high numbers of covid cases should "consider wearing a mask in crowded outdoor settings and for activities with close contact" with others who are not fully vaccinated.
"A packed football stadium now is not a good idea," said Dr. Olveen Carrasquillo, a professor of medicine and public health sciences at the University of Miami’s medical school. "When there’s a lot of shouting and yelling’’ without masks, “it means they’re spraying the virus."
Football stadiums, which are generally among the largest sporting venues in this country, are typically packed with fans cheering and high-fiving, making it impossible to physically distance from people who may be unvaccinated. Equally difficult is remaining apart from the unvaccinated in crowded concourses and restrooms.
Dr. Robert Siegel, a professor of microbiology and immunology at Stanford University, said that while the risk of dying or ending up in intensive care from covid after being vaccinated is "vanishingly small," he would prefer to even avoid a milder case so he doesn’t have to worry about long-term consequences of the disease. "It's not worth it to me, but if football is your life, you may have a different calculus," he said.
2. What can I do to reduce my risk at the game?
The first line of defense is being fully vaccinated.
If unvaccinated, don't go to the game, all seven experts strongly recommended.
Some colleges such as Louisiana State University are requiring fans to be vaccinated or to show a negative covid test to attend a game — and many players on teams are vaccinated to reduce their risk and stay in the game. But many stadiums will have no such restriction on fans.
Wear a mask except when eating or drinking.
Mask mandates vary by venue for both the NFL and college teams. Even if others around you are not wearing one, your mask will give you a level of protection from inhaling the virus. "It's best if all parties are wearing a mask, but wearing a mask is better than not wearing a mask," said Dr. Nasia Safdar, a specialist in infectious diseases at the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health.
Dr. Dale Bratzler, Oklahoma University's chief covid officer, said he would not tell vaccinated people to avoid going to football games. He does strongly advise, however, that fans consider double masking. He doesn’t plan to go to the OU games this fall, but it has nothing to do with covid. "It’s because of the traffic getting into and out of the stadium. I am fine watching at home on TV."
If you want to protect others, consider taking a home covid test the day of the game. If the test results come back positive, or if you feel any symptoms, even a runny nose, mild headache, or cough, don’t go to a game, Safdar said.
And the experts said to pay attention to the level of covid cases in any city to which you are traveling. The incidence could be high, and that should factor into your decision about attending a game.
3. What about tailgating for hours with friends before the game?
Most of the experts agreed tailgating with a few friends outdoors is a less risky part of the football game experience. But that’s only if you know the people you are eating and drinking with are vaccinated.
"It's also that party atmosphere, where people are generally not in a position to wear a mask and you are standing close to people," Safdar said. "It’s still a risk."
4. Millions of people have been attending baseball games, soccer games and other sports events all summer — without many outbreaks. Why worry now about football games?
There have been rare reports of outbreaks from major league baseball stadiums, which often pack in 40,000 fans. But that could be changing, too, because the more highly transmissible delta variant has been widespread only since July. Also, the experts said, it’s difficult to track how many fans get sick because the incubation period can last a week or more. People may not connect their illness to the game, especially if they assume outdoor activities are safe.
"Delta changed the entire equation of how we looked at the risk," said Dr. William Schaffner, an infectious disease expert at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine in Nashville. "I do think there will be transmission in stadiums."
Health experts point to the Sturgis Motorcycle Rally in South Dakota last month that has been linked to more than 100 infections.
5. Can I still get together with other vaccinated friends and family?
Even with the delta variant raging, health experts say people who are fully immunized can safely meet without masks with those they know are fully vaccinated.
"If you know with certainty that someone is vaccinated, you can safely get together for dinner and other activities," said Dr. Joseph Gastaldo, a specialist in infectious diseases at Ohio Health, a large, multihospital system based in Columbus.
And the risk of spread can be minimized at events such as an outdoor wedding if organizers include requirements for vaccinations, wearing masks and physical distancing for vulnerable attendees, experts say.
Subscribe to KHN's free Morning Briefing.
Dominate play helps SJO roll Danville
Let the Esports begin! IHSA ramps up new activity for gamers
Esports is now the 10th activity offered by the IHSA. It joins joining bass fishing, chess, debate, drama & group interpretation, speech, journalism, music, and scholastic bowl as one of the IHSA’s total State Series offerings. The athletic association now administers 41 total sports and activities.
"It is exciting any time that we can expand the IHSA mission by offering another opportunity for students to represent their schools in competition," said IHSA Executive Director Craig Anderson in a released statement back in August. "We appreciate the time and effort put forth by our staff and the committee members who helped get us to this point."
Anderson added, "Research shows that there are educational, mental, and social benefits to having students compete for their high school in any activity or sport, so we look forward to Illinois high school students who are passionate about esports being able to enjoy those benefits."
Esports is one of the fastest-growing sports in the world. Played in multiplayer online video game format. A growing number of professional and amateur competitions are broadcasted live with competitors earning significant prize money. Prize pools for international competitions have been as high as $34 million dollars.
If the IHSA had adopted Esports as a sport, then students would be required to follow the association’s amateur rule (IHSA By-law 3.080), which would limit any prizes a student could accept. With Esports classified as an activity, students who compete in high-level amateur or professional tournaments can keep prize earnings and retain still their eligibility to compete in the association's state series.
How can students start an esports club or team at their school? The first step would be to find other students interested in forming a team and then talk to their school's principal, athletic director or activity director to see how they can officially form the new club or team.
SJO football drops to 0-3, team needs to start 'stacking' wins
One touchdown and a conversion. Seven points was all the St. Joseph-Ogden football team needed to pick up their first win of the season. After the grass had settled and the bleachers at Dick Duval Field emptied, the teary-eyed Spartans were 0-3 after a heartbreaking 34-28 to visiting Prairie Central. "Defensively, we couldn't get a stop when we needed to and it was that way from the very beginning," said SJO head coach Shawn Skinner. He pointed to how well the Hawks' moved the ball down the field. "I want to give them credit for running a well-oiled offense but we just couldn't get off the field defense-wise to give our offense a shot." Prairie Central's Drew Fehr, who would collect 152 yards against the Spartans, put the first six on the scoreboard. The 6-foot-2, 180-pound running back scored from 3 yards out with four minutes remaining in the first quarter. The junior would score again in the next quarter on an 18-yard run to give his team a 20-6 lead. With no time remaining in the half, a pass from Evan Ingram to Keaton Nolan and a successful 2-point conversion cut SJO's deficit to a manageable six heading into the locker room. "If we would have had a stop in the first half it would have been a completely different ball game," said Nolan. The senior finished the night with just 26 yards rushing and caught 7 passes for another 87. "We would have been out of here 1-2." St. Joseph-Ogden coming off back-to-back losses to Monticello, 43-8, and a 33-8 loss to Unity, mustered just 60 net yards with the running game. Meanwhile, the team's air attack, led by Ingram, wasn't too shabby. SJO pass attack netted three touchdowns. Skinner said that his team's emphasis on passing was "a by-product of what Prairie Central was giving us." "The game plan wasn't to throw it that much but Evan kind of got hot," he said. "He (Ingram) did a very, very nice job. The offensive line gave him time to throw the ball and we do have skilled guys that can find holes in the zone." Ingram completed 15 of 23 passes for 203 yards. While there were a couple of close calls, the senior signal-caller did not give up any interceptions. Prairie Central, on the other hand, completed just one of two passes for 17 yards. The team's first pass resulted in an interception. Hawks' head coach Andrew Quain was committed to running the ball down the Spartans' throat using his dual running back threat of Fehr and Camden Palmore, who was responsible for 145 of this team's 362 net rushing yards. "We have to do a better job as a team preparing through the week," Skinner said. "Some of it is getting guys back healthy, getting our full roster back. We are going to have to commit during the week to having better practices. "We are starting to see some things build that we can use offensively. We've got to figure out a way to put it all together one night." This Friday, SJO will face a team also looking for their first win of the season. Illinois Valley Central lost their season opener at home against Paxton-Buckley-Loda 28-8 and took a 29-6 beating from Monticello. At 0-3, what will it take for SJO to start winning games? "We've gotta dig deep," says Nolan. He hopes this weekend the program will turn the corner and find success with a win over IVC. "We have to understand we have to be all-in." The Grey Ghosts added their third loss last Friday falling at home to Unity, 55-21. Skinner said practice today and tomorrow will have to be "on point detail-wise". "It is hard to win football games and the hardest one to get is the first one," he explained. He is confident his athletes can make that happen this week but aware it won't be easy. "These kids have it in them. We've played really tough teams and so has everybody else. We are going to have to earn whatever we get." With a third of the season in the books and a playoff spot on the line, a victory this weekend will be more than a nudge in the right direction. "Once we start getting wins, we've gotta start stacking them," Nolan said fully cognitive of what is on the line this Friday and the next five. "We're running low and we got to start stacking them quick."
Prep Sports Notebook: SJO, Unity posts volleyball wins
Five natural ways to boost your immune system
Although you may not be aware they contain flavonoids, these phytochemicals found in some fruits and veggies are a vital part of maintaining health. Flavonoids are found in colorful fruits and vegetables like cranberries and elderberries. When it comes to power foods, elderberries' exceptional flavanol levels make them an immune system powerhouse. Especially important during cold and flu season, elderberries can also be enjoyed in a cup of warm tea for instant comfort. Reduce stress with outdoor activity
Keeping physically fit provides numerous health benefits such as reducing stress by being one with nature through taking a walk outside. The sun's UV rays help your body produce vitamin D, which is important for your bones, blood cells and immune system, as well as helping absorb and use certain nutrients. Yoga and massage can also be used to help stimulate the immune system and promote well-being. Keep a regular sleep schedule. Sleep gives you an opportunity to recharge. This is when cellular regeneration and other healing is most efficient. Keeping a regular routine helps signal to your system that it's time to rest so you can fall asleep easier and reap the whole-body benefits of a healthy sleep cycle. Wash hands frequently
Especially during the school year, when germs are rampant and easily carried from school to home, you can give your immune system a hand, literally, by frequently scrubbing away germs before they have the chance to attack. Rely on natural remedies
Modern, stressful lifestyles and exposure to environmental pollutants can put immune systems under pressure. However, some of your existing soothing rituals can actually support better health, too. One example is relaxing with a hot cup of tea. The natural and organic ingredients found in Buddha Teas provide numerous health benefits. Options like Mushroom Wellness, Divine Immunity, Elderberry Tea and Reiki Mushroom blends all contain immunity-boosting ingredients. While they're not an obvious ingredient, mushrooms have been incorporated into healing practices for thousands of years for their immune-boosting, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant-rich properties. There are several powerful medicinal mushrooms but one stand-out is the reishi mushroom, known as the "mushroom of immortality" and "divine plant of longevity." This anti-inflammatory powerhouse is known to promote healthy cell growth and healthy blood pressure, along with improving immune function. Learn more about boosting your immunity naturally at buddhateas.com. A Golden Way to Get Better Sleep While golden milk has become a trendy beverage of choice, this comforting, herb-filled blend is actually ancient. For thousands of years, golden milk has been an Ayurvedic ritual, with Indian families enjoying a warm nightly cupful before bed. In Ayurvedic medicine, turmeric, the main component in golden milk, is thought to impart the energy of the sun to the body, hence its radiant, golden color. Turmeric's documented healing properties impart substance to this traditional "elixir," and have given golden milk a reputation as a healing cup of comfort. In addition to improving physical and mental well-being, regularly drinking golden milk has the potential to lessen your chance of becoming ill in the first place. It's also an anti-inflammatory that supports healthy digestion and promotes calm. This turmeric-dominant blend includes ginger root and black pepper to aid digestion; ashwagandha to tonify, energize and calm; and cardamom, nutmeg and vanilla bean, all meant to encourage rejuvenation and peace. Consider an option like Buddha Teas' CBD Organic Golden Milk, which includes a THC-free CBD isolate for added wellness benefits. Prepared by mixing with a warm cup of your favorite milk, the smooth, slightly sweet, pungent brew offers a soothing treat just before bed. Many people also enjoy golden milk prepared cold.
Photo Gallery: Spartan football falls at home to Prairie Central
Prep Sports Notebook: Burnett tallies 4 aces, Urbana tennis nips Watseka
In a triangle match with Tri-Valley and Fisher, the SJO golf team finished in first place with 180 points after the nine-hole competition at Indian Springs in Saybrook.
Jacob Kern shot a match-best of 40 strokes to lead the field on Thursday. Maddux Carter finished in second place with a 43 on the par-36 course.
McGwire Atwood (46), Logan Smith (51), Jack Robertson (50) and Andrew Beyers (64) contributed to the Spartans' ninth win of the season.
No. 1 - Sandhya Subbiah, CENTENNIAL def. Abbey Dow, SJO, 8-1
No. 2 - Anna Park, CENTENNIAL def. Claire Huffman, SJO, 8-1
No. 3 - Grace Kahler, CENTENNIAL def. Grace Schmitz, SJO, 8-1
No. 4 - Yehyun Nam, CENTENNIAL def. Ashlyn Lannert, SJO, 8-1
No. 5 - Aastha Patel, CENTENNIAL def. Allison Kearney, SJO, 8-4
No. 6 - Sofia Hartmann, CENTENNIAL def. Ella Armstrong, SJO, 8-6
Doubles:
No. 1 - Sandhya Subbiah/Grace Kahler, CENTENNIAL def. Hope Rajlich/Kelsey Martlage, SJO, 8-4
No. 2 - Yehyun Nam/Anna Park, CENTENNIAL def. Jacey Lewis/Abby Behrens, SJO, 8-2
No. 3 - Kayleigh Cox/Tammy Marinichev, CENTENNIAL def. Katie McDermott/Emma Rydell, SJO, 8-5
No. 1 - Ashton Peters, WATSEKA def. Myra Stevens, URBANA, 8-3
No. 2 - Jacie Owens, URBANA def. Emma Simons, WATSEKA, 8-5
No. 3 - Eisla Madigan, URBANA def. Baler Rigsby, WATSEKA, 9-7
No. 4 - Ava Swartz, WATSEKA def. Hannah Null, URBANA, 8-6
No. 5 - Alisa Tangmunarunkit, URBANA def. Moriah Pueschell, WATSEKA, 8-2
No. 6 - Matika Pounginjai, URBANA def. Tiffany Zhao, WATSEKA, 8-1
Doubles: No. 1 - Hannah Null/Jacie Owens, URBANA def. Ashton Peters/Baler Rigsby, WATSEKA, 8-4
No. 2 - Emma Simons/Ava Swartz, WATSEKA def. Eisla Madigan/Myra Stevens, URBANA, 9-8 (5)
No. 3 - Alisa Tangmunarunkit/Matika Pounginjai, URBANA def. Moriah Pueschell/Tiffany Zhao, WATSEKA, 8-4
5 ways for your pet to have a spooky, safe Halloween
Photo of the Day: Heads up!
Photo of the Day: Spartan volleyball team suffers loss to Champaign Central
Prep Sports Notebook: Stegall leads Spartans in XC victory
Three seniors turned in 3-mile times under 18 minutes at the annual Cow Chip Classic in Chrisman on Saturday to power the St. Joseph-Ogden cross country team to a first-place meet finish.
Luke Stegall finished the course in 17:00.1 and in fourth place in the race's top flight. An SJO runner finished first the remaining six flights. Charlie Mabry clocked 11.6 seconds slower time than his teammate Flight #2 and Elijah Mock crossed the finish line at 17:36.4.
Sophomore Carson Maroon, juniors Ethan Blackburn and Peyton Wendell, and soph Aiden Armstrong placed first in each of their flights.
Behind the Spartans in the team standings, Monticello finished in second place, Tuscola in third and Unity took fourth to round out the top four places.
Prep Sports Notebook: Unity girls finish #1, boys take fourth
Chrisman - The Rockets' girls cross country team clocked in a minute and 22 seconds ahead of fellow Illini Prairie Conference member Monticello to win the 2021 Cow Chip Classic team title. Seven runners, each running in an individual flight, turned in a consolidated time of 2:24:13.2.
Wearing bib number 938, Unity's Olivia Shike led the team with the shortest time in the 3-mile race crossing the finish line at 19:57.0. Shike was one of four sophomores who ran for the maroon and gray.
Also running in this year's race were seniors Harper Hancock and Malia Fairbanks, who finished the course at 20:38.4 and 20:48.9, respectively. Sophomores Raegan Stringer and Erica Woodard ran sub 21-minute times while Caelyn Kleparski missed the mark by .2 of second at 21:00.1. Meanwhile, freshman Emily Decker turned in a time of 20:49.7 running in Flight #6.
How rape affects memory, and why police need to know about that brain science
"But I literally had no idea what had happened," she said. "And, for days, I was trying to put the pieces together."
She knew she had gone to a Sacramento, California, bar and restaurant with a group of people, and she remembered drinking there and being left alone with the man she’d later identify as her rapist. But not much else.
Memories she couldn't summon that first morning gradually came into focus over days and weeks, she said. The emerging details included what the man had been wearing, and the way he shoved her against the bar. One week after the attack, she reported the crime to the Sacramento County Sheriff's Department.
Then, in the days after making the report, another wave of memories surfaced — she recalled, vividly, that the man had raped her and had a weapon.
"I knew that there was a gun at my neck, at my back," she said. "It was just clear."
The detectives gave her a hard time, she said, when she called to report that she had remembered that her attacker had a gun. The Sacramento detectives assigned to Walker's case didn’t seem to understand why she couldn’t remember all the details right away.
"I felt like I was just extremely cross-examined on the phone. Like, 'Why didn’t you remember a gun? That's, like, a really important thing.'"
Sexual assault survivors say interactions with law enforcement can be so intense, and so unsympathetic, that they add secondary trauma. Reporting a rape can be especially traumatic when officers cast doubt on victims’ stories.
But it doesn't have to be, say scientists and scholars of criminal justice. If police gain a deeper understanding of what’s going on in the brain during and after a rape, they can change the way they approach rape cases and avoid making survivors feel blamed or disbelieved.
Scientists who study trauma and memory say it's common for sexual assault survivors — as well as survivors of other serious traumas — to be unable to recall an attack fully. They might remember certain facts but not others, or struggle to recall events in the correct sequence.
When law enforcement officers aren't aware of the neuroscience of trauma, or have no training to deal with it, there’s a tendency to dismiss or disbelieve victims who experience memory gaps, according to scholars and advocates for sexual assault survivors.
"There’s a real danger when investigators are asking people for information that was never encoded or has been lost," said Harvard University psychologist Jim Hopper. "They can stress out the victim, leave them feeling misunderstood, incompetent, not wanting to further engage with the investigation."
Walker's alleged perpetrator was never arrested. And she's still frustrated with the way detectives put pressure on her to remember details during the investigation.
The Brain in Survival Mode
When confronted with a crisis, the brain often activates its "fight, flight or freeze" response. In these scenarios, the brain’s "defense circuitry" takes over, explained Hopper. The prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for logical decision-making, is no longer in control and, instead, the areas of the brain responsible for scanning for danger take charge.
"And that's what people are running on" when trauma happens, Hopper said.
Some people respond by mentally "dissociating," or disconnecting from their physical selves. That survival response affects the ability to absorb what’s happening around them, Hopper said.
Studies on memory and recall during a traumatic event describe two types of details: central and peripheral. Central details are those that capture our attention and evoke emotions in the moment, such as a location. Peripheral details are those that a survivor might not have been paying attention to during the crisis, such as something the perpetrator said or whether other people were present. Central details tend to be stored more reliably and for longer than peripheral details.
Sometimes survivors are unable to answer what might seem like a simple question if it involves a peripheral detail like the color of the attacker’s shirt. And Hopper said that can make officers suspicious.
Hopper, who gives legal testimony in sexual assault cases, said victims are often held to unfair standards, even compared with other trauma survivors.
"Every day in courtrooms around the country, [defense attorneys] attack and question the credibility of victims of sexual assault for having the same kind of memories that soldiers have for their combat experiences," he said.
Victim advocates and criminal justice scholars say it’s important for detectives to be open to anything a survivor might say, whenever they say it — even if those details were not available in an initial report — because the information survivors provide later can be helpful for solving the crime.
Maintaining an Open Mind
Nicole Monroe, a police detective in Elk Grove, a suburb of Sacramento, said she and some of her colleagues have gotten additional education on brain science, and it has changed the way they approach sexual assault cases.
Monroe tells victims she works with that more memories will continue to surface in the days, weeks and even months to come.
"Smells will come back. Sights will come back. When you think of these things, give me a call and let me know, so that it can be added,” Monroe said. "Because little things like that are going to make a difference."
Traditionally, law enforcement officers are trained to conduct an interrogation that may involve drawing out specific details, usually in chronological order.
"The expectation is someone is supposed to come in, sit down, they’re supposed to be ready to talk, they’re supposed to know what to talk about," said Carrie Hull, a former detective with the Ashland Police Department in southern Oregon. "They're going to tell you what happened to them from the beginning, through the middle, and then the end. That is a very traditional understanding."
Hull is now a consultant for police departments, and part of her work involves advocating for the adoption of a technique known as Forensic Experiential Trauma Interviewing, or FETI. The training can help law enforcement learn how to ask questions differently: with empathy, patience and an informed understanding of how a traumatized brain makes memories and recalls them. Training in the technique is available through an online course, but it’s not a mandatory requirement for most police departments.
People who take Hull's course learn specific strategies for helping someone resurface a relevant memory that he or she may not have had access to when they first walked into the interview room. Hull said FETI discourages counterproductive practices such as paraphrasing, changing the victim’s words, interrupting or giving advice.
Hull said the overarching goal of trauma interviewing is to first "collect the dots, then connect the dots." In other words, simply interview the victim about what happened. The sharper, more aggressive investigative tactics can wait.
There isn’t research proving that law enforcement departments who take this training solve more rape cases. But victim advocates and scholars said it's a best practice that could make working with police a more positive experience for victims and, eventually, help bring more perpetrators to justice.
"If I had my way, every one of them would be doing this," said Dave Thomas, a program officer with the International Association of Chiefs of Police.
Annie Walker is still struggling to recover from her sexual assault, but it's complicated because she’s also healing from the way law enforcement handled her case. She said both police officers and survivors need more education on the way trauma affects memory.
She said if survivors knew what to expect in terms of memory issues, it wouldn’t be so frustrating. "They need to feel like the way that things are happening in their mind is normal. Normal for them."
This story is from a partnership that includes CapRadio, NPR and KHN.
KHN (Kaiser Health News) is a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues. Together with Policy Analysis and Polling, KHN is one of the three major operating programs at KFF (Kaiser Family Foundation). KFF is an endowed nonprofit organization providing information on health issues to the nation.

































