The Sentinel

hMPV: It has been around for a while and most of us don't have to really worry

Photo: Juliia Abramova/PEXELS

Infants and toddlers are at the greatest risk of suffering from an hMPV infection, a seasonal virus in the news identified more than two decades ago. While generally harsh the first time, symptoms are usually mild with subsequent reinfections.

(SNS) - A recent outbreak of hMPV in China in the current news cycle around the world because the China government is taking the rapid spread seriously, taking a preventive stance, asking citizens to wash their hands frequently, masking up, and pushing early testing.

Is there a reason to worry?

According to the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), "In adults of all ages, HMPV is a common infection, and, although often asymptomatic, it can result in serious infection that requires hospitalization."

Exactly who is at high risk of suffering from complications

Young Children: Infants and toddlers are especially vulnerable to serious respiratory conditions, such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia.
Older Adults: Individuals aged 65 or above, as well as those with chronic health concerns such as asthma or COPD, are more likely to have complications.
Pregnant Women: HMPV during pregnancy can result in respiratory issues, which may endanger both the mother and infants' health.
Immunocompromised Individuals: Those with weakened immune systems, whether due to medical conditions or treatments like chemotherapy, are at a higher risk of experiencing severe symptoms.

What is hMPV?

hMPV was first discovered in 2001 by scientists from the Netherlands in a group of children where tests for other known respiratory viruses were negative. It is in the same category of viral infections as the Pneumoviridae family and respiratory syncytial virus, or RSV.

It is believed the virus originated in birds before adapting to infect humans. Genetic studies indicate it likely circulated among humans for decades before it was identified by scientists.

According to the CDC, hMPV is a virus that can cause upper and lower respiratory infections. Because we spend more time indoors during colder months, hMPV is more likely to circulate during the winter and spring months when other similar diseases, such as RSV and the flu, are prevalent.

The American Lung Association says that hMPV is most commonly spread from person to person through close contact with someone who is infected. Shaking hands, hugging or kissing as well as coming in contact with viral material from coughing and sneezing or touching objects such as toys or doorknobs are the usual methods of infection.

Resembling other respiratory illnesses, diagnosis and treatment can be assessed via three methods. There is a PCR test, much like the now standard COVID-19 test, available for doctors. The hMPV is a molecular test that detects the virus' genetic material with high accuracy and is regarded as the gold standard for diagnosis. Doctors can also use a Rapid Antigen Test. While providing faster results, they are less sensitive in detecting the virus compared to PCR tests.

The final method is the more evasive Bronchoscopy, which looks for changes in the lung tissue. A bronchoscopy is a standard procedure that allows a doctor to examine the inside of the lungs, trachea, and bronchi using a thin, lighted tube called a bronchoscope. The procedure is commonly used to diagnose and treat a variety of lung conditions.

hMPV usually causes symptoms similar to the common cold that lasts roughly 2-5 days and goes away. Most children who get infected with hMPV are age 5 or younger. According to Cleveland Clinic, you can get HMPV again, but symptoms are usually mild after your first infection. Severe symptoms and complications affect a small number of children (5-16%) who may develop a lower respiratory tract infection such as pneumonia. The majority of the infections occurred in children under the age of 14,

Once infected, patients will develop varying levels of immunity to subsequent exposures according to Cleveland Clinic. "You can get HMPV again, but symptoms are usually mild after your first infection."

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Health insurers limit coverage of prosthetic limbs, question their medical necessity

by Michelle Andrews

KHN - When Michael Adams was researching health insurance options in 2023, he had one very specific requirement: coverage for prosthetic limbs.

Adams, 51, lost his right leg to cancer 40 years ago, and he has worn out more legs than he can count. He picked a gold plan on the Colorado health insurance marketplace that covered prosthetics, including microprocessor-controlled knees like the one he has used for many years. That function adds stability and helps prevent falls.

Prosthetic coverage by private health plans varies tremendously. Even though coverage for basic prostheses may be included in a plan, many insurance companies will cap payouts for devices and impose restrictions on the types of devices approved.

Photo: ThisisEngineering/Unsplash

But when his leg needed replacing last January after about five years of everyday use, his new marketplace health plan wouldn’t authorize it. The roughly $50,000 leg with the electronically controlled knee wasn’t medically necessary, the insurer said, even though Colorado law leaves that determination up to the patient’s doctor, and his has prescribed a version of that leg for many years, starting when he had employer-sponsored coverage.

“The electronic prosthetic knee is life-changing,” said Adams, who lives in Lafayette, Colorado, with his wife and two kids. Without it, “it would be like going back to having a wooden leg like I did when I was a kid.” The microprocessor in the knee responds to different surfaces and inclines, stiffening up if it detects movement that indicates its user is falling.

People who need surgery to replace a joint typically don’t encounter similar coverage roadblocks. In 2021, 1.5 million knee or hip joint replacements were performed in United States hospitals and hospital-owned ambulatory facilities, according to the federal Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, or AHRQ. The median price for a total hip or knee replacement without complications at top orthopedic hospitals was just over $68,000 in 2020, according to one analysis, though health plans often negotiate lower rates.

To people in the amputee community, the coverage disparity amounts to discrimination.

Fewer than half of people with limb loss have been prescribed a prosthesis

“Insurance covers a knee replacement if it’s covered with skin, but if it’s covered with plastic, it’s not going to cover it,” said Jeffrey Cain, a family physician and former chair of the board of the Amputee Coalition, an advocacy group. Cain wears two prosthetic legs, having lost his after an airplane accident nearly 30 years ago.

AHIP, a trade group for health plans, said health plans generally provide coverage when the prosthetic is determined to be medically necessary, such as to replace a body part or function for walking and day-to-day activity. In practice, though, prosthetic coverage by private health plans varies tremendously, said Ashlie White, chief strategy and programs officer at the Amputee Coalition. Even though coverage for basic prostheses may be included in a plan, “often insurance companies will put caps on the devices and restrictions on the types of devices approved,” White said.

An estimated 2.3 million people are living with limb loss in the U.S., according to an analysis by Avalere, a health care consulting company. That number is expected to as much as double in coming years as people age and a growing number lose limbs to diabetes, trauma, and other medical problems.

Fewer than half of people with limb loss have been prescribed a prosthesis, according to a report by the AHRQ. Plans may deny coverage for prosthetic limbs by claiming they aren’t medically necessary or are experimental devices, even though microprocessor-controlled knees like Adams’ have been in use for decades.

Cain was instrumental in getting passed a 2000 Colorado law that requires insurers to cover prosthetic arms and legs at parity with Medicare, which requires coverage with a 20% coinsurance payment. Since that measure was enacted, about half of states have passed “insurance fairness” laws that require prosthetic coverage on par with other covered medical services in a plan or laws that require coverage of prostheses that enable people to do sports. But these laws apply only to plans regulated by the state. Over half of people with private coverage are in plans not governed by state law.

The Medicare program’s 80% coverage of prosthetic limbs mirrors its coverage for other services. Still, an October report by the Government Accountability Office found that only 30% of beneficiaries who lost a limb in 2016 received a prosthesis in the following three years.

Cost is a factor for many people.

“No matter your coverage, most people have to pay something on that device,” White said. As a result, “many people will be on a payment plan for their device,” she said. Some may take out loans.

Working with her doctor, she has appealed the decision to her insurer and been denied three times.

The federal Consumer Financial Protection Bureau has proposed a rule that would prohibit lenders from repossessing medical devices such as wheelchairs and prosthetic limbs if people can’t repay their loans.

“It is a replacement limb,” said White, whose organization has heard of several cases in which lenders have repossessed wheelchairs or prostheses. Repossession is “literally a punishment to the individual.”

Adams ultimately owed a coinsurance payment of about $4,000 for his new leg, which reflected his portion of the insurer’s negotiated rate for the knee and foot portion of the leg but did not include the costly part that fits around his stump, which didn’t need replacing. The insurer approved the prosthetic leg on appeal, claiming it had made an administrative error, Adams said.

“We’re fortunate that we’re able to afford that 20%,” said Adams, who is a self-employed leadership consultant.

Leah Kaplan doesn’t have that financial flexibility. Born without a left hand, she did not have a prosthetic limb until a few years ago.

Growing up, “I didn’t want more reasons to be stared at,” said Kaplan, 32, of her decision not to use a prosthesis. A few years ago, the cycling enthusiast got a prosthetic hand specially designed for use with her bike. That device was covered under the health plan she has through her county government job in Spokane, Washington, helping developmentally disabled people transition from school to work.

But when she tried to get approval for a prosthetic hand to use for everyday activities, her health plan turned her down. The myoelectric hand she requested would respond to electrical impulses in her arm that would move the hand to perform certain actions. Without insurance coverage, the hand would cost her just over $46,000, which she said she can’t afford.

Working with her doctor, she has appealed the decision to her insurer and been denied three times. Kaplan said she’s still not sure exactly what the rationale is, except that the insurer has questioned the medical necessity of the prosthetic hand. The next step is to file an appeal with an independent review organization certified by the state insurance commissioner’s office.

A prosthetic hand is not a luxury device, Kaplan said. The prosthetic clinic has ordered the hand and made the customized socket that will fit around the end of her arm. But until insurance coverage is sorted out, she can’t use it.

At this point she feels defeated. “I’ve been waiting for this for so long,” Kaplan said.

KFF Health News is a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues and is one of the core operating programs at KFF—an independent source of health policy research, polling, and journalism. Learn more about KFF.

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This article first appeared on KFF Health News and is republished here under a Creative Commons license.